Led by Boyce Thompson Institute faculty member Jim Giovannoni, the discovery could also be a boon to commercial fruit producers, who are always looking for ways to extend their crops’ shelf life without sacrificing flavor.
The research is described in a paper published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, with authors from BTI, Cornell University, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and Zhejiang University.
Fruits become softer as they ripen, making them susceptible to damage or rotting in transport from the field to the grocery store. Farmers currently extend shelf life by harvesting fruits before they are ripe and controlling temperature and other environmental factors during transport. But these methods delay the whole ripening process, resulting in tomatoes and other fruits that are firm but flavorless.
The study delved into the genome of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) to look for genes involved in fruit softening but not fruit ripening. The team identified a transcription factor, S. lycopersicum lateral organ boundaries (SlLOB1), that regulated a broad array of cell wall-related genes and fruit-softening processes.
“Until now, nearly all of the transcription factors my lab has identified in tomato are involved in global control of ripening,” said Giovannoni, who is also a plant molecular biologist at the USDA-ARS Robert W. Holley Center and an adjunct professor in the School of Integrative Plant Science in the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. “SlLOB1 is interesting because it primarily regulates genes involved in cell wall softening and other textural changes of the fruit.”
Modulating SlLOB1 could yield ripe – and thus flavorful – tomatoes that haven’t begun to soften, increasing their shelf life.
Previous work by Giovannoni’s group found that many transcription factors related to tomato ripening were initially expressed in the fruit’s locule – the gel-like tissue surrounding the seeds.
“Most fruit biologists discard the locular gel because it contains the seeds, which are ‘embryonic plants’ distinct from the fruit itself,” he said. “But the first indications of ripening occur in the locule, even before the fruit begins to change color or produce ethylene that helps it ripen. My group has been looking more closely at the locule over the last few years.”
For this reason, the team searched a tomato gene expression database for transcription factors that were highly expressed in the locule. They also looked for genes with elevated expression in the pericarp – the outer wall of the fruit – on the premise that it was likely to express softening-specific transcription factors. In both tissues, high levels of SlLOB1 coincided with ripening.
In live tomato plants, the team found that inhibiting expression of SlLOB1 resulted in delayed softening and firmer fruit, whereas overexpression of the gene accelerated the softening process.
Importantly, the team showed that inhibiting SlLOB1 expression had no effect on the ripening process: the tomatoes ripened in their normal time frames. Fruit levels of sugars and acids were unaltered, suggesting that “from a flavor perspective, the fruits were likely unchanged,” said Giovannoni, though he acknowledged the study did not include taste tests. “What did change is the texture of the fruits; they remained firmer longer and softened later.”
“If we can find SlLOB1 gene variants that delay softening, breeders could introduce those into commercial varieties to produce high-quality, good-tasting tomatoes that don’t become too soft before the consumer gets them home,” he said.
The delayed softening induced by inhibition of SlLOB1 expression was associated with one other change: The fruits were darker red in color, due to higher levels of the pigments beta-carotene and lycopene in the locule, and lycopene in the pericarp.
“These tomatoes also have an increased nutritional quality because these pigments are antioxidants and your body converts beta-carotene to vitamin A,” Giovannoni said. In addition to studying the genetic diversity of SlLOB1 across tomato varieties, Giovannoni’s group is working to introduce SlLOB1 and other genes into heirloom tomato varieties, which are prized for their quality and flavor but unsuitable for commercial production because of poor shelf lives.
